The menstrual cycle is an integral part of a female reproductive system. It is a natural process with a complex relationship between hormones which signal the ability to conceive and bear children.
Being aware of where you are in your menstrual cycle assists with increasing your understanding reproductive health and well-being, gives you insight into what is typical for you and when something may not be quite right.
In this blog, we explore what the menstrual cycle is, when it begins and ends, how it occurs, the duration of a menstrual cycle, the phases of menstruation, common symptoms, potential problems, and when it is appropriate to seek medical advice.
What is the Menstrual Cycle?
The menstrual cycle refers to the series of changes that occur in the female body each month in preparation for a potential pregnancy. It involves the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) and the release of an egg (ovulation). The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries.
Age of Onset and Cessation
The average age for the onset of menstruation, also known as menarche, is between 11 and 14 years, although it can vary. Menstruation typically ceases between the ages of 45 and 55, known as menopause. However, individual experiences may vary, and it is important to remember that both menarche and menopause can occur outside of these age ranges.
How long is the Menstrual Cycle?
On average, the menstrual cycle lasts for about 28 days, but it can range from 21 to 35 days.
What are the phases of the Menstrual Cycle?
The menstrual cycle is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones and involves four stages.
This section provides an overview of biological changes experienced during the phases and you can explore more detailed information on each of these phases by clicking on the phase header.
- Menstrual Phase: The cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which lasts for 3-7 days. During this phase, the uterus sheds its lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding. The average blood loss is around 30-40 milliliters.
- Follicular Phase: Following the menstrual phase, the follicular phase begins. It typically lasts for about 10-14 days. During this phase, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) prompts the ovaries to produce mature eggs within fluid-filled sacs called follicles. As the eggs mature, they release estrogen, which stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining.
- Ovulation: Around the midpoint of the cycle, usually between days 12 and 16, ovulation occurs. Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube. It is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH). Ovulation is the most fertile period of the menstrual cycle, and conception is most likely to occur if sexual intercourse takes place within a day or two of ovulation.
- Luteal Phase: After ovulation, the luteal phase begins and lasts for approximately 10-14 days. The ruptured follicle in the ovary transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy by further thickening the endometrium. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels drop, and the menstrual phase starts again.
Image Source: Mind the Graph
Common Symptoms and Problems
There can be various symptoms and problems associated with menstrual cycle. Common symptoms include:
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Many people experience physical and emotional symptoms, such as bloating, breast tenderness, mood swings, fluid retention, food cravings, skin break outs, and irritability, in the days leading up to menstruation.
- Cramps: Menstrual cramps, or dysmenorrhea, can range from mild to severe, causing pain in the lower abdomen.
- Irregular Cycles: Some people may experience irregular periods, with variations in the duration of the cycle or the amount of bleeding.
- Heavy or Prolonged Bleeding: Menorrhagia refers to abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, which can lead to anemia or other complications.
- Absence of Menstruation: Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation for three or more consecutive cycles. It can occur due to various factors, including pregnancy, stress, hormonal imbalances, or medical conditions.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Understanding the menstrual cycle empowers us to recognize the normal patterns and potential problems. While some variations in the menstrual cycle are normal, certain symptoms or problems warrant medical attention. You should consult a healthcare professional if you experience:
- Severe pain that interferes with daily activities.
- Excessive bleeding that soaks through sanitary products.
- Irregular periods accompanied by other health concerns.
- Absence of menstruation for more than three months.
- Sudden changes in the menstrual cycle, especially after the age of 40.
Remember, every persons experience of the menstrual cycle is unique. It is important to listen to your body and consult a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about your menstrual cycle.
More information
Explore the intricacies of the each phase, including its timing, physiological changes, emotional shifts, and practical tips to support your well-being;